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History of Psychiatry
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Suffer the restless children: the evolution of ADHD and paediatric stimulant use, 1900—80

Rick Mayes

University of Richmond, USA, bmayes{at}richmond.edu

Adam Rafalovich

Pacific University, USA

This article traces the historical evolution of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the controversial use of stimulants as a treatment for children diagnosed with the disorder in North America.While the children in question have exhibited similar behaviour over the last century, the diagnostic labels used to identify them have changed due largely to cultural, medical and scientific changes and discoveries. For decades, children's treatment with psychotropic drugs was sufficiently controversial that pharmaceutical companies would not finance research in the area. The only substantial source of research funding for paediatric psychopharmacology in the USA from the 1950s to the 1970s was the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). In 1970, the first in a long-running series of controversies erupted over children's treatment with stimulants.

Key Words: ADHD • amphetamines • history • paediatric psychopharmacology • Ritalin • USA

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History of Psychiatry, Vol. 18, No. 4, 435-457 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X06075782
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M. Smith
Roy Porter Student Essay Prize Winner * Psychiatry Limited: Hyperactivity and the Evolution of American Psychiatry, 1957-1980
Soc Hist Med, December 1, 2008; 21(3): 541 - 559.
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