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History of Psychiatry
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`The varieties of effects resulting from such morbific causes as are capable of rendering more vivid the feelings of the mind' by S. Hibbert (1825)

G.E. Berrios

Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital (Box 189), Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK, gebll{at}cam.ac.uk

The transfor mation of the old notion of appar ition into the new concept of hallucination started in ear nest at the beginning of the 19th century. Apparitions were naturalized on the argument that in no case were they a response to an exter nal stimulus; and were secularized by challenging the very existence of exter nal spirits or forces. Both arguments are clearly stated in the work on `Apparitions' by Samuel Hibbert (a chapter of which has been included below as Classic Text No. 69). Although the debate on the ontology and meaning of the `phantasms of the living' has continued to this day, it has had no influence on the medical concept of hallucination. It is likely that the latter has suffered as a result.

Key Words: apparition • Ferriar;ghost • hallucination • Hibbert;history; psychiatry;psychopathology • spectral illusion

History of Psychiatry, Vol. 18, No. 1, 103-105 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X07075331
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G.E. Berrios
`Essay on a classification of different genera of insanity' by J. Baillarger (1853)
History of Psychiatry, September 1, 2008; 19(3): 358 - 373.
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