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History of Psychiatry
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History of ‘Spiritist madness’ in Brazil

Alexander Moreira-Almeida

University of São Pauloalexma{at}usp.br

Angélica A. Silva de Almeida

University of Campinas

Francisco Lotufo Neto

University of São Paulo

Spiritism is widely accepted in Brazil and influences psychiatric practice, especially through religious-oriented hospitals. However, during the first half of the twentieth century it was considered an important cause of mental illness. This paper first reviews opinions on ‘Spiritist madness’, written by the most eminent psychiatrists of the time, and then discusses the epistemological factors that have contributed to the conflict between medicine and Spiritism. We critically examine the appropriateness of the methods used in the debates, and how this has led to inferences about associations and causal relationships.

Key Words: dissociation • history • mediumship • mental hygiene • possession • prejudice • spiritism • spiritualism • trance

History of Psychiatry, Vol. 16, No. 1, 5-25 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X05044602


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Transcultural PsychiatryHome page
A. Moreira-Almeida and F. L. Neto
Spiritist views of mental disorders in Brazil.
Transcultural Psychiatry, December 1, 2005; 42(4): 570 - 595.
[Abstract] [PDF]